Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Pregnancy increases the risk of OSA; however, the relationship between OSA and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We aimed (1) to evaluate OSA prevalence in GDM patients; (2) to assess the association between OSA and GDM; and (3) to determine the relationships between sleep parameters with insulin resistance (IR). METHODS: A total of 177 consecutive women (89 with GDM, 88 controls) in the third trimester of pregnancy underwent a hospital polysomnography. OSA was defined when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was ≥5h-1. RESULTS: Patients with GDM had higher pregestational body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference than controls, but no differences in snoring or OSA-symptoms, or AHI (3.2±6.0 vs. 1.9±2.7h-1, p=.069). OSA prevalence was not significantly different in both groups. We did not identify OSA as a GDM risk factor in the crude analysis 1.65 (95%CI: 0.73-3.77; p=.232). Multiple regression showed that total sleep time (TST), TST spent with oxygen saturation<90% (T90), and maximum duration of respiratory events as independent factors related with homeostasis model assessment of IR, while T90 was the only independent determinant of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. CONCLUSION: OSA prevalence during the third trimester of pregnancy was not significantly different in patients with GDM than without GDM, and no associations between OSA and GDM determinants were found. We identified T90 and obstructive respiratory events length positive-related to IR, while TST showed an inverse relationship with IR in pregnant women.

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus / Impacto de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en la diabetes mellitus gestacional

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Pregnancy increases the risk of OSA; however, the relationship between OSA and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We aimed (1) to evaluate OSA prevalence in GDM patients; (2) to assess the association between OSA and GDM; and (3) to determine the relationships between sleep parameters with insulin resistance (IR).MethodsA total of 177 consecutive women (89 with GDM, 88 controls) in the third trimester of pregnancy underwent a hospital polysomnography. OSA was defined when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was ≥5h−1.ResultsPatients with GDM had higher pregestational body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference than controls, but no differences in snoring or OSA-symptoms, or AHI (3.2±6.0 vs. 1.9±2.7h−1, p=.069). OSA prevalence was not significantly different in both groups. We did not identify OSA as a GDM risk factor in the crude analysis 1.65 (95%CI: 0.73–3.77; p=.232). Multiple regression showed that total sleep time (TST), TST spent with oxygen saturation<90% (T90), and maximum duration of respiratory events as independent factors related with homeostasis model assessment of IR, while T90 was the only independent determinant of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.ConclusionOSA prevalence during the third trimester of pregnancy was not significantly different in patients with GDM than without GDM, and no associations between OSA and GDM determinants were found. We identified T90 and obstructive respiratory events length positive-related to IR, while TST showed an inverse relationship with IR in pregnant women. (AU)

Introducción: La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) aumenta el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 e hiperinsulinemia. El embarazo aumenta el riesgo de AOS; sin embargo, la relación entre la AOS y la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) no está clara. Nuestros objetivos fueron (1) evaluar la prevalencia de AOS en pacientes con DMG; (2) evaluar la asociación entre la AOS y la DMG; y (3) determinar las relaciones entre los parámetros del sueño y la resistencia a la insulina (RI).MétodosUn total de 177 mujeres seleccionadas consecutivamente (89 de ellas con DMG, 88 controles) en el tercer trimestre del embarazo se sometieron a una polisomnografía hospitalaria. Se clasificó como AOS un índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH) de ≥5h-1.ResultadosLas pacientes con DMG presentaban un índice de masa corporal (IMC) pregestacional y una circunferencia del cuello más altos que los controles, pero no hubo diferencias en los ronquidos, otros síntomas de AOS o el IAH (3,2±6,0 frente a 1,9±2,7h-1, p=0,069). La diferencia en la prevalencia de AOS entre ambos grupos no fue significativa. No identificamos la AOS como un factor de riesgo de DMG en el análisis bruto (1,65; IC del 95%: 0,73-3,77; p=0,232). Mediante regresión múltiple se determinó que el tiempo total de sueño (TST), el TST pasado con una saturación de oxígeno <90% (T90) y la duración máxima de los eventos respiratorios eran factores independientes relacionados con el Homeostasis Model Assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), mientras que el T90 fue el único determinante independiente del Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI).ConclusiónLa diferencia de prevalencia de AOS durante el tercer trimestre del embarazo no fue significativa entre las pacientes con DMG y aquellas sin DMG, y no se encontraron asociaciones entre los factores asociados a AOS y DMG. (AU)

Influence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Systemic Inflammation in Pregnancy.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent in pregnancy and it is associated with adverse pregnancy-related outcomes such as gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and low birth weight. Maternal systemic inflammation is proposed to be one of the main intermediate mechanisms. However, the effects of OSA on systemic inflammation are unknown in normal pregnancy. Methods: Women in the 3rd trimester underwent hospital polysomnography to evaluate whether OSA increases systemic inflammation in normal pregnancy and its potential association with adverse fetal outcomes. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥ 5 h-1. Plasma cytokines levels (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were determined by multiple immunoassays. Results: We included 11 patients with OSA and 22 women with AHI < 5 h-1, who were homogeneous in age, and body mass index (BMI). Women with OSA had significant higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-8, and IL-10. We found significant correlations between AHI during REM and TNF-α (r = 0.40), IL-1ß (r = 0.36), IL-6 (r = 0.52), IL-8 (r = 0.43), between obstructive apnea index and TNF-α (r = 0.46) and between AHI and IL-1ß (r = 0.43). We also found that CT90% was related to IL-8 (r = 0.37). There were no significant differences in neonatal characteristics; however, we found inverse correlations between TNF-α and IL-8 with birth weight (both r = -0.48), while IL-8 showed a significant inverse relationship with neonatal gestational age (r = -0.48). Conclusions: OSA in our normal pregnancy population was associated with higher systemic inflammation, which was related to obstructive events, especially during REM sleep. Moreover, systemic inflammation was inversely correlated with neonatal birth weight and age.

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Pregnancy increases the risk of OSA; however, the relationship between OSA and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We aimed (1) to evaluate OSA prevalence in GDM patients; (2) to assess the association between OSA and GDM; and (3) to determine the relationships between sleep parameters with insulin resistance (IR). METHODS: A total of 177 consecutive women (89 with GDM, 88 controls) in the third trimester of pregnancy underwent a hospital polysomnography. OSA was defined when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was ≥5h-1. RESULTS: Patients with GDM had higher pregestational body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference than controls, but no differences in snoring or OSA-symptoms, or AHI (3.2±6.0 vs. 1.9±2.7h-1, p=.069). OSA prevalence was not significantly different in both groups. We did not identify OSA as a GDM risk factor in the crude analysis 1.65 (95%CI: 0.73-3.77; p=.232). Multiple regression showed that total sleep time (TST), TST spent with oxygen saturation<90% (T90), and maximum duration of respiratory events as independent factors related with homeostasis model assessment of IR, while T90 was the only independent determinant of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. CONCLUSION: OSA prevalence during the third trimester of pregnancy was not significantly different in patients with GDM than without GDM, and no associations between OSA and GDM determinants were found. We identified T90 and obstructive respiratory events length positive-related to IR, while TST showed an inverse relationship with IR in pregnant women.

Sueño saludable: evidencias y guías de actuación. Documento oficial de la Sociedad Española de Sueño / Healthy sleep: evidence and guidelines for action. Official document of the Spanish Sleep Society

La Sociedad Española de Sueño tiene como uno de sus principales objetivos la promoción de un sueño saludable en la población general y profesionales de la salud. El presente documento pretende realizar una revisión de la literatura científica actual sobre hábitos de sueño que sirva de fundamento para establecer unas recomendaciones generales y útiles para la población general española, en el contexto de un sueño saludable, e identificar aquellos principales retos en la investigación sobre hábitos de sueño. El desarrollo del documento se ha realizado por un equipo multidisciplinar de miembros de la Sociedad Española de Sueño integrado por expertos en medicina pediátrica del sueño, neurofisiología clínica, neumología, neurología, cronobiología, fisiología y psicología. Se ha procedido a una revisión de la bibliografía científica existente sobre hábitos de sueño en población general, y se han abordado los siguientes aspectos: estado actual de los hábitos de sueño en la población española; revisión genérica de la cantidad óptima de horas de sueño; impacto del entorno ambiental (ruido, temperatura, iluminación...), horarios de sueño, alimentación y deporte; y apartados específicos para niños y adolescentes, trabajadores a turnos y conducción de vehículos. De todos los aspectos abordados a lo largo de este documento, se concluyen unas recomendaciones generales finales que servirán de guía a la población general y profesionales de la salud, así como se discuten los principales retos ambientales y futuras direcciones de investigación (AU)

One of the main objectives of the Spanish Sleep Society is to promote healthy sleep in both the general population and in health professionals. This document aims to conduct a review of the current scientific literature on sleep habits that can serve as the basis on which to establish a set of general recommendations, regarding healthy sleep, for use by the general population in Spain as well as to identify the main challenges faced by research into sleep habits. The document has been developed by a multidisciplinary team made up of members of the Spanish Sleep Society who are experts in paediatric sleep medicine, clinical neurophysiology, pulmonology, neurology, chronobiology, physiology and psychology. The existing scientific literature dealing with sleep habits in the general population was reviewed, and the following aspects were addressed: the current state of sleep habits in the Spanish population; a generic review of the optimum number of hours of sleep; the impact of the environmental setting (noise, temperature, illumination, etc.), hours of sleep, diet and sport, together with several specific sections for children and teenagers, shift-workers and drivers of different vehicles. The conclusions from all the aspects addressed in this document have resulted in a set of final general recommendations that will serve as a guide for the general population and health professionals. Likewise, the principal environmental challenges and future lines of research are also discussed (AU)